Rescue and Aid in France, 1940-1944 | Los Angeles Museum of the Holocaust

Materials are arranged by subject/creator, then by identifier, as assigned by the processor.

This record group contains two correlated collections dealing with the Jewish experience in Vichy France. By far these collections are family histories. The documents reflect the dichotomy of complicity on the part of the French collaborating authorities on one side and the rescue and aid rendered by the French Resistance, as well as ordinary people, on the other.

Princ-Hyatt, Betty (1940 -- 2008)
Kaufman, Marie (1900 -- 2008)

Both collections share historic commonalities related to the experience of Jewish refugees to France during the Holocaust. Complicity of the French collaborating authorities in the Holocaust has been for long minimized by postwar French society. Only recently this theme has become public and the subject of discussion. The role of French gendarmerie, formally independent until 1942, and later incorporated into the auxiliary to the German police and security forces was crucial in the implementation of the Final Solution in France.

In theory, measures of the Vichy government applied to all of France. However, only in unoccupied France could the new government actually govern autonomously. Officially neutral, Vichy France collaborated closely with Germany. Under Petain and Laval, the Vichy government followed a nationalist and “pre-French Revolutionary” agenda, replacing the ideals of “liberty, equality, and fraternity” with “work, family, and country.”

In March 1941, the Vichy government created a central agency, the General Commissariat for Jewish Affairs, to coordinate anti-Jewish legislation and policy. Anxious to ensure that material goods and assets confiscated from the Jewish population did not fall into German hands, the Laval government, in July 1941, instituted an extensive program of "Aryanization," appropriating Jewish-owned property for the French state. Aryanization left most Jews in France destitute, affecting foreign Jews particularly severely. French authorities interned thousands of Jews under deplorable conditions in French-administered detention camps -- Gurs, Saint-Cyprien, Rivesaltes, Le Vernet, and Les Milles -- where at least 3,000 individuals died during the war years.

Deportations of Jews from France in the summer and fall of 1942 spurred significant protest within the Catholic Church, a mainstay of the Petain regime, and among the general population. The brutal nature of the roundups, such as the actions and incarceration in the Velodrome d'Hiver, stirred public anger. The initial decision to separate children from their families during the deportation process met with particular criticism.

The calculated strategy of the Vichy administration to collaborate with German deportation efforts in order to gain more independence for unoccupied France had failed. The Petain government's willingness to surrender foreign Jews in hopes of shielding French Jewish nationals had increasingly obligated Vichy officials to fill all deportation quotas demanded by German authorities, who did not concern themselves with the niceties of nationality and citizenship.

The documents of these collections corroborate division in French society. It was a moral challenge for French people to see the foreign Jews as their neighbors. Both family histories emphasize that rescue and aid overpowered complicity and collaboration. We, however, shall remember that it was not always the case and the number of unfortunate people perhaps exceeded those who managed to survive.

RG-44.01.01, Letter of Nathaniel Prins from prison to his French neighbor Chambron with a postscript in pencil added before the deportation to Drancy. Dated by 31 January 1943.

RG-44.01.01.01, Provenance text written by Ms. Prins-Hyatt

RG-44.01.02, Postcard with a view of Lisbon

RG-44.01.03, Postcard, Lisbon

RG-44.01.04, Letter from the Mayoral Office of Lamastre certifying that Nathan Prins after spending two months in prison was deported to Drancy in March 1943 in French.

RG-44.01.05, Esther Prins (mother of Betty Prins-Hyatt passport) issued in the Netherlands with the marks of entering and living in France in 1942.

RG-44.01.06, Nathaniel and Ester Prins wedding photograph

RG-44.01.07, Food rationing stamps on two pages

RG-44.02, Marie Kaufman Papers

The Marie Kaufman Papers collection includes photographs and documents from

RG-44.02.01, Family Documents Book 

RG-44.02.01.01, family document book

RG-44.02.01.02, records of salary 1944-1946

RG-44.02.01.03, Marriage License

RG-44.02.01.04, Marriage certificate

RG-44.02.01.05, draft card for the military

RG-44.02.01.06, Certificate of military position

RG-44.02.01.07, translation of the declaration concerning the reclamation of French citizenship

RG-44.02.01.08, Certificate-of-residence

RG-44.02.01.09, correspondences from Krakow to Paris

RG-44.02.02, Additional documents

RG-44.02.02.01, California Driver License

RG-44.02.02.02, California-Driver-License-back

RG-44.02.02.03, Certificate of Naturalization

RG-44.02.02.04, Declaration-Concerning-the-Reclamation-of-the-French-Citizenship-Helene-Kaufman

RG-44.02.02.05, Declaration-Concerning-the-Reclamation-of-the-French-Citizenship-Helene-Kaufman-back

RG-44.02.02.06, Declaration-Concerning-the-Reclamation-of-the-French-Citizenship-Marie-Kaufman

RG-44.02.02.07, Declaration-Concerning-the-Reclamation-of-the-French-Citizenship-Marie-Kaufman-back

RG-44.02.02.08, Graduation-photo

RG-44.02.02.09, ID-card-Michel-Kaufman

RG-44.02.02.10, ID-card-Michel-Kaufman-exterior

RG-44.02.02.11, Naturalization-certificate-of-Dobra-Kaufman

RG-44.02.02.12, Naturalization-certificate-of-Michel-Kaufman

RG-44.02.02.13, Permit-to-Reenter-the-United-States

RG-44.02.02.14, Photograph-of-Abram-Zajdner

RG-44.02.02.15, Photograph-of-Abram-Zajdner-back

RG-44.02.02.16, Photograph-of-Fannie-and-Berre-Moskowitz

RG-44.02.02.17, Photograph-of-Fannie-and-Berre-Moskowitz-back

RG-44.02.02.18, Photograph-of-Marinette-in-school

RG-44.02.02.19, Photograph-of-Marinette-in-school-back

RG-44.02.02.20, Photograph-of-Rozenberg-family-2

RG-44.02.02.21, Photograph-of-Rozenberg-family-3

RG-44.02.02.22, Photograph-of-Rozenberg-family-4

RG-44.02.02.23, Photograph-of-Rozenberg-family-5

RG-44.02.02.24, Photograph-of-Wolf-and-Rose-Moskovitch,-Berre-and-Fanni-Moskovitch,-Henri-and-Jeanette-Moraud

RG-44.02.02.25, Photograph-of-Wolf-and-Rose-Moskovitch,-Berre-and-Fanni-Moskovitch,-Henri-and-Jeanette-Moraud-back

RG-44.02.02.26, Receipt voucher of Declaration Concerning the Reclamation of the French Citizenship

RG-44.02.02.27, Regiment-of-Foreign-Volunteers-certificate

RG-44.02.02.28, Regiment-of-Foreign-Volunteers-certificate-back

RG-44.02.02.29, Translation-of-the-Declaration-Concerning-the-Reclamation-of-the-French-Citizenship

RG-44.02.02.30, Translation-of-the-Declaration-Concerning-the-Reclamation-of-the-French-Citizenship-back

RG-44.02.02.31, Personnel-register

RG-44.02.02.32, Photograph-of-Rozenberg-family-on-my-father's-(Michel)-mother's-side-(Hinda Rozenberg)

RG-44.02.03, Photographs

RG-44.02.03.01, 1949-classroom

RG-44.02.03.02, Abraham-Zaidner-and-Fenya-Wax

RG-44.02.03.03, Abram-Zadjner-in-1935-in-front-of-portraits-and-sculpture

RG-44.02.03.04, Abram-Zadjner-painting-violinist

RG-44.02.03.05, Abram-Zadjner-sculptures-by-the-river

RG-44.02.03.06, Adlerblum-and-Moskowitz-family-photo

RG-44.02.03.07, Anna-and-Betszaler

RG-44.02.03.08, Anna-at-Ball-in-Paris

RG-44.02.03.09, Anna-in-Kalicz

RG-44.02.03.10, Anna-in-Kalicz-in-field

RG-44.02.03.11, Anna-in-park-in-Busko

RG-44.02.03.12, Armand-Marinette-Helene-and-Thimory

RG-44.02.03.13, Armant-Zadjner-and-Marie-Moszkowiez

RG-44.02.03.14, boy-drawing-a-portrait-of-another-man

RG-44.02.03.15, Bronka-and-two-other-girls-in-photo

RG-44.02.03.16, Christiane-Alary-daughter-of-et-Ernest-et-and-Paule-Alary

RG-44.02.03.17, Family-Photo

RG-44.02.03.18, Family-photo-on-Papa's-side

RG-44.02.03.19, family-photo-parents-and-two-girls-one-holding-ball

RG-44.02.03.20, family-photo-postcard-of-wolf

RG-44.02.03.21, Fruma-Paula's-Daughter

RG-44.02.03.22, Gaston-and-Helene-Andrieu

RG-44.02.03.23, Grandparents-with-Michel-and-Fela-Kaufman

RG-44.02.03.24, Helene-Anna-Abrahm-and-Paula-family-photo

RG-44.02.03.25, Hiline-Kaufman-Marie's-sister

RG-44.02.03.26, Marie-Kaufman-before-America

RG-44.02.03.27, Marie-Pierrot-Madeleine-et-Jeannot-Andrieu

RG-44.02.03.28, Marie-Zadjner-Kalinski

RG-44.02.03.29, Marinette-and-Helen-Kaufman

RG-44.02.03.30, Michel-Kaufman-photo-with-three-others

RG-44.02.03.31, Papa-and-friend-in-paris

RG-44.02.03.32, Paris-Passport-Shot

RG-44.02.03.33, Passport-photo-1950

RG-44.02.03.34, photo-of-Anna-in-Gordonia-organization

RG-44.02.03.35, Photo-of-Anna's-sister

RG-44.02.03.36, photo-of-Anna's-Stepfather-Stepsister-and-Mother

RG-44.02.03.37, photo-of-boy-in-dress-jacket

RG-44.02.03.38, photo-of-Ernest-and-Paule

RG-44.02.03.39, Photo-of-Great-Grandmother-on Papa's-Side

RG-44.02.03.40, photo-of-group-of-women-with-flag-with-a-boat-on-it

RG-44.02.03.41, photo-of-Henri's-parents

RG-44.02.03.42, photo-of-M.-Cornus

RG-44.02.03.43, photo-of-man-in-sweater-and-dress-shirt

RG-44.02.03.44, photo-of-Marie-Kaufman-at-8-months

RG-44.02.03.45, photo-of-mother-and-Anna

RG-44.02.03.46, photo-of-rows-of-men-and-women

RG-44.02.03.47, photo-of-three-people-November-20-1934

RG-44.02.03.48, photo-of-three-women-Feb-2-1933

RG-44.02.03.49, six-people-around-a-hebrew-tombstone

RG-44.02.03.50, Tanta-Fela-in-Poland

RG-44.02.03.51, Tante-Fela-at-18

RG-44.02.03.52, three-children-in-yard-in-front-of-a-tree

RG-44.02.03.53, three-people-around-hebrew-tombstone

RG-44.02.03.54, Two-adults-and-two-childeren-in-yard

RG-44.02.03.55, two-children-one-on-a-rocking-horse

RG-44.02.03.56, two-girls-with-arms-around-each-other

RG-44.02.03.57, Tzvi-Wolf-and-Anna

RG-44.02.03.58, woman-in-bathingsuit

RG-44.02.03.59, woman-next-to-vase-of-flowers

RG-44.02.03.60, woman-walking-on-the-street-with-a-little-girl

Author: staff

Aid and rescue during the war
collaboration in the Holocaust
family histories
France, history, 1940 -- 1944
Holocaust in France
Rescue and aid in France, 1940 -- 1944
Vichy France, 1940 -- 1942

French
German
English