Ghetto and Camp Currency, Correspondence and Related Artifacts, 1908-1945 | Los Angeles Museum of the Holocaust

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Collection Overview

Title: Ghetto and Camp Currency, Correspondence and Related Artifacts, 1908-1945

Predominant Dates:1939 -- 1945

ID: RG-06/RG-06

Primary Creator: Gutkind, Jurek

Other Creators: Conversion Office for German Foreign Debts, Jonski, Jozef (1912-), Kasimir, Fidor, Medley, Jane, Veronika (Vera) Komlos (née Somogyi), (1901-1944), Jewish female, a resident of Budapest (-- 1944)

Extent: 0.0

Arrangement:

The arrangement scheme for the record group was imposed during processing in the absence of an original order. Materials are arranged by subject/creator, then by the identifier, as assigned by the processor.

Record group is comprised of seven collections: 1. Collection of ghetto and camp money; 2. Numismatic collection; 3. Collection of camp and ghetto correspondence; 4. Eva Beckman collection; 5. Collection of Nazi Germany emigration bonds; 6. Collection of Nazi-counterfeited British bank notes; 7. Collection of Sonderkommando tags.

Subjects: Ghetto-issued monetary scripts, wartime, Lodz ghetto monetary receipts, Monetary signs, receipts, scripts as substitute matters of ghetto money, wartime, Monetary signs and receipts in the Lodz Ghetto, 1940 -- 1944, Monetary surrogates in term of scripts, receipts, ghetto paper money issued in Theresiensdatd ghetto, Paper money and coins, Lodz ghetto, Theresienstadt Ghetto issued banknotes, design and appearance, Theresienstadt ghetto monetary receipts

Forms of Material: A Westerbork camp coupon for 10 cent, 1944, Eine Mark (One Mark) bill, signed by Mordechaj Rumkowski, the Jewish Elder of Lodz Ghetto May 1940, Fifty Kronen bill, issued 1 January 1943, signed by Jacob Eidelstein, Der Alsteste Der Juden, Five Kronen bill, issued 1 January 1943, signed by Jacob Eidelstein, Der Alsteste Der Juden, Monetary surogate scripts issued by the Westerbork internment camp administration, 1944, One hundred Kronen bill, issued 1 January 1943, signed by Jacob Eidelstein, Der Alsteste Der Juden, One Kronen bill, issued 1 January 1943, signed by Jacob Eidelstein, Der Alsteste Der Juden, Ten Kronen bill, issued 1 January 1943, signed by Jacob Eidelstein, Der Alsteste Der Juden, Ten Mark coin, issued in 1943, authorized by Mordechaj Rumkowski, Jewish Elder of the Lodz Ghetto, Twenty Kronen bill, issued 1 January 1943, signed by Jacob Eidelstein, Der Alsteste Der Juden, Two Kronen bill, issued 1 January 1943, signed by Jacob Eidelstein, Der Alsteste Der Juden, Zwanzig Mark (Twenty) bill, signed by Mordechaj Rumkowski, Jewish Elder of the Lodz Ghetto May 1940, Zwei Mark (Two) bill, signed by Mordechaj Rumkowski, Jewish Elder of the Lodz Ghetto May 1940

Languages: German, Dutch;Flemish, Polish

Abstract

This is an authentic collection of ghetto and camp currency, notes and slips that were issued by the ghetto administrations instead of real currency for internal usage in ghettos and camps. The issuance of ghetto money had to be authorized by German authorities. The record group is subdivided into the Lodz Ghetto collection, Theresienstadt Ghetto collection, and the camp collections. This record group also includes the banknotes of several European countries issued in the course of the 19th and 20th centuries. It also contains multiple artifacts related to mundane ghetto and camp life.

Scope and Contents of the Materials

The record group includes the banknotes of several European countries issued in the course of the 19th and 20th centuries; bonds issued by the Conversion Office for German Foreign Debts paid to German Jews for confiscated property; multiple artifacts related to ghetto and camp life, such as camp uniform, pottery from the Sobibor concentration camp, and Sonderkommando tags; and ghetto and camp correspondence, including letters and postcards written from the places of incarceration to relatives and friends. The camp correspondence collections includes Józef Jon ski’s correspondence from Dachau concentration camp, Jurek Gutkind’s corresponded with Anna Lipszyc from the Lublin prison and Buchenwald concentration camp, and there is a letter from Kasimir Fidor from Oranienburg concentration camp.

Collection Historical Note

This record group is comprised of collections--specifically those related to ghetto and camp scripts, a German-introduced surrogate for monetary signs. First, for example, Lodz and Theresienstadt ghettos printed the scripts of their own, while the other ghettos circulated local or German currency. Contrarily, many Nazi-German concentration camps operated with the scripts of their own. This coupon-like currency, printed by the camp administrations, was good only for inter-camp use. Also, in ghettos and camps, cigarettes and food could often serve as a currency-like commodities. (Food rarely had any true monetary value and often emerged on the initiative of the Jewish administration in Lodz and Theresienstadt.)

A monetary sub-collection contains banknotes of Weimar Republic. Once issued in the year of 1923, they illustrate an iniquitousness of hyperinflation, overwhelming the Weimar Republic. The very denominations of one hundred thousand and one hundred million serve as a proof of economic and financial crisis.

Banknotes issued in German-occupied countries and territories also exhibit differences in the status of control and occupation. Comparing the following banknotes--Five Kroner of Denmark of 1942, Five Belgian Francs of 1943, and the Five Ukrainian Karbovantsiv of 1942--one can see that Denmark and Belgian retained a currency of their own, in terms of language and design. However, the Ukrainian banknotes, issued by the German authorities in Ukraine reflects the status of an occupied territory, controlled by German military and civil administration.

Biographical Note

Jurek was a friend of Anna Lipszyc (see Anna Lipszyc Collection, RG-01.08) It is believed that he, a Polish auxiliary policeman, organized and provided all the necessary documents enabling Anna to maintain a false Polish identity. Jurek, being personally attached to Anna (or Anka), corresponded with her while she was in Germany. Jurek was falsely accused of accepting a bribe and imprisoned in Lublin by the German authority, ultimately being sentenced to a term at a concentration camp, Buchenwald. Jurek believed that he was slandered by his fellow Polish policemen. A testimony to his feelings for her, Jurek continued writing letters to Anna from Buchenwald.

Subject/Index Terms

Ghetto-issued monetary scripts, wartime
Lodz ghetto monetary receipts
Monetary signs, receipts, scripts as substitute matters of ghetto money, wartime
Monetary signs and receipts in the Lodz Ghetto, 1940 -- 1944
Monetary surrogates in term of scripts, receipts, ghetto paper money issued in Theresiensdatd ghetto
Paper money and coins, Lodz ghetto
Theresienstadt Ghetto issued banknotes, design and appearance
Theresienstadt ghetto monetary receipts

Administrative Information

Repository: Los Angeles Museum of the Holocaust

Access Restrictions: No restrictions

Use Restrictions:

Copyrighted materials, credits to and references to the Los Angeles Museum of the Holocaust are required

Digital copies might be available upon request

Preferred Citation: RG-06, Ghetto and Camp Currency, Correspondence, and Related Artifacts. Los Angeles Museum of the Holocaust Archive.

Processing Information: Materials are primarily described using the local descriptive standards of the LA Museum of the Holocaust.

Box and Folder Listing

Browse by Sub-Collection:

[Sub-Collection 1: RG-06.01, Ghetto and camp money, 1942 1945],
[Sub-Collection 2: RG-06.02, Numismatic Collection, 1919 -- 1945],
[Sub-Collection 3: RG-06.03, Correspondences of inmate like status, 1941--1945],
[Sub-Collection 4: RG-06.04, Eva Beckman Collection, 1942--1945],
[Sub-Collection 5: RG-06.05, Emigration Bonds, Nazi Germany, 1933],
[Sub-Collection 6: RG-06.06, Nazi counterfeited British bank notes, 1942 -- 1945],
[Sub-Collection 7: RG-06.07, Sonderkommando tags, 1942--1945],
[Sub-Collection 8: RG-06.08, The Last Letter of Veronika (Vera) Komlos (nee Somogyi)],
[All]

Sub-Collection 1: RG-06.01, Ghetto and camp money, 1942 1945

This Collection includes monetary receipts issued in camps and ghettos

Subject/Index Terms:: Lodz ghetto monetary receipts; Theresienstadt ghetto monetary receipts; Auschwitz camps, monetary coupons; Westerbork transit camp, monetary coupons; Flossenburg concentration camp, monetary coupons

Creators:: Beckman, Eva; Adele Kohn, Eva Beckman; multiple donators (1968 -- 2006)

Document/Artifact of Item-Level 1: RG-06.01.01, One 100 Kronen bill, Theresienstadt Ghetto, 1 January 1943

One 100 Kronen bill issued on January 1, 1943 as part of a substitute currency used only in the Theresienstadt Ghetto . The bill is signed by Jacob Edelstein, Der Alteste Der Juden. On the front side there is a dipiction of Moses with the Ten Commandments.

Subject/Index Terms:: Judenraete (Jewish councils); Theresienstadt (Czechoslovakia); Theresienstadt ghetto; Theresienstadt ghetto monetary receipts

Creators:: Jewish Councils (Judenrate) (1939 -- 1945); Jewish ghetto administration, Theresienstadt (1940 -- 1945)

Document/Artifact of Item-Level 2: RG-06.01.02, Fifty Kronen bill, Theresienstadt Ghetto, 1 January 1943

A fifty Kronen bill issued January 1, 1943 as part a substitute currency used only in the Theresienstadt Ghetto. The bill is signed by Jacob Edelstein, Der Alteste Der Juden. On the front side there is a depiction of Moses with the Ten Commandments.

Subject/Index Terms:: Judenraete (Jewish councils); Theresienstadt ghetto; Theresienstadt (Czechoslovakia); Theresienstadt ghetto monetary receipts

Creators:: Jewish Councils (Judenrate) (1939 -- 1945); Jewish ghetto administration, Theresienstadt (1940 -- 1945)

Document/Artifact of Item-Level 3: RG-06.01.03, One 100 Kronen bill, Theresienstadt Ghetto, 1 January 1943

A 100 Kronen bill issued January 1, 1943 as part of a substitute currency used only in the Theresienstadt Ghetto. The bill is signed by Jacob Edelstein, Der Alteste Der Juden. On the head side there is a dipiction of Moses with the Ten Commandments.

Subject/Index Terms:: Judenraete (Jewish councils); Theresienstadt (Czechoslovakia); Theresienstadt ghetto; Theresienstadt ghetto monetary receipts

Creators:: Jewish Councils (Judenrate) (1939 -- 1945); Jewish ghetto administration, Theresienstadt (1940 -- 1945)

Document/Artifact of Item-Level 4: RG-06.01.04, Twenty Kronen bill, Theresienstadt Ghetto,, 1 January 1943

A twenty Kronen bill issued January 1, 1943 as part of a substitute currency used only in the Theresienstadt Ghetto. The bill is signed by Jacob Edelstein, Der Alteste Der Juden. On the head side there is a depiction of Moses with the Ten Commandments.

Subject/Index Terms:: Judenraete (Jewish councils); Theresienstadt (Czechoslovakia); Theresienstadt ghetto; Theresienstadt ghetto monetary receipts

Creators:: Jewish Councils (Judenrate) (1939 -- 1945); Jewish administration of the ghettos (1939 -- 1945)

Document/Artifact of Item-Level 5: RG-06.01.05,Ten Kronen bill, Theresienstadt Ghetto, Reverse side, 1 January 1943

A ten Kronen bill issued January 1, 1943 as part of a substitute currency used only in the Theresienstadt Ghetto. The bill is signed by Jacob Edelstein, Der Alteste Der Juden. Only the back of the bill is shown.

Subject/Index Terms:: Judenraete (Jewish councils); Theresienstadt (Czechoslovakia); Theresienstadt ghetto; Theresienstadt ghetto monetary receipts

Creators:: Jewish Councils (Judenrate) (1939 -- 1945); Jewish ghetto administration, Theresienstadt (1940 -- 1945)

Document/Artifact of Item-Level 6: RG-06.01.06, Twenty Kronen bill, Theresienstadt Ghetto, 1 January 1943

Subject/Index Terms:: Judenraete (Jewish councils); Theresienstadt (Czechoslovakia); Theresienstadt ghetto; Theresienstadt ghetto monetary receipts

Creators:: Jewish Councils (Judenrate) (1939 -- 1945); Jewish ghetto administration, Theresienstadt (1940 -- 1945)

Document/Artifact of Item-Level 7: RG-06.01.07- One Kronen bill,Theresienstadt Ghetto, 1 January 1943

A one Kronen bill issued January 1, 1943 as part of a substitute currency only used in the Theresienstadt Ghetto. The bill is signed by Jacob Edelstein, Der Alteste Der Juden. On the head side there is a depiction of Moses with the Ten Commandments.

Subject/Index Terms:: Judenraete (Jewish councils); Theresienstadt (Czechoslovakia); Theresienstadt ghetto; Theresienstadt ghetto monetary receipts

Creators:: Jewish Councils (Judenrate) (1939 -- 1945); Jewish ghetto administration, Theresienstadt (1940 -- 1945)

Document/Artifact of Item-Level 8: RG-06.01.08- Four stamps, Theresienstadt, 1943

Four stamps used only in the Theresienstadt Ghetto issued in 1943. The picture is of a pastoral landscape with large trees and billowing clouds.

Subject/Index Terms:: Theresienstadt ghetto, postal stamps; Judenraete (Jewish councils); Theresienstadt (Czechoslovakia); Theresienstadt ghetto

Creators:: Jewish ghetto administration, Theresienstadt (1940 -- 1945); Jewish Councils (Judenrate) (1939 -- 1945)

Document/Artifact of Item-Level 9: RG-06.01.09, Five Kronen bill, Theresienstadt Ghetto, Front side, 1 January 1943

A five Kronen bill issued January 1, 1943 as part of a substitute currency used only in the Theresienstadt Ghetto. On the head side there is a depiction of Moses with the Ten Commandments.

Subject/Index Terms:: Judenraete (Jewish councils); Theresienstadt (Czechoslovakia); Theresienstadt ghetto; Theresienstadt ghetto monetary receipts

Creators:: Jewish Councils (Judenrate) (1939 -- 1945); Jewish ghetto administration, Theresienstadt (1940 -- 1945)

Document/Artifact of Item-Level 10: RG-06.01.09.01, Five Kronen bill, Theresienstadt Ghetto, Reverse side, 1943

A five Kronen bill issued January 1, 1943 as part of a substitute currency used only in the Theresienstadt Ghetto. The bill is signed by Jacob Edelstein, Der Alteste Der Juden. Only the back of the bill is shown.

Subject/Index Terms:: Judenraete (Jewish councils); Theresienstadt (Czechoslovakia); Theresienstadt ghetto; Theresienstadt ghetto monetary receipts

Creators:: Jewish Councils (Judenrate) (1939 -- 1945); Jewish ghetto administration, Theresienstadt (1940 -- 1945)

Document/Artifact of Item-Level 11: RG-06.01.10, Ten Kronen bill, Theresienstadt Ghetto, Front side, 1943

Subject/Index Terms:: Judenraete (Jewish councils); Theresienstadt (Czechoslovakia); Theresienstadt ghetto; Theresienstadt ghetto monetary receipts

Creators:: Jewish Councils (Judenrate) (1939 -- 1945); Jewish ghetto administration, Theresienstadt (1940 -- 1945)

Document/Artifact of Item-Level 12: RG-06.01.11, Two Kronen bill, Theresienstadt Ghetto, 1943

A two Kronen bill issued January 1, 1943 as part of a substitute currency only used in the Theresienstadt Ghetto. The bill is signed by Jacob Edelstein, Der Alteste Der Juden. Only the front side is shown, which depicts Moses with the Ten Commandments.

Subject/Index Terms:: Judenraete (Jewish councils); Theresienstadt (Czechoslovakia); Theresienstadt ghetto; Theresienstadt ghetto monetary receipts

Creators:: Jewish Councils (Judenrate) (1939 -- 1945); Jewish ghetto administration, Theresienstadt (1940 -- 1945)

Document/Artifact of Item-Level 13: RG-06.01.12, Theresienstadt Ghetto Paper Currency, 1945

There is a100 Kronen bill, a 50 Kronen bill, a 20 Kronen bill, a 5 Kronen bill and a 10 Kronen bill, which are all part of a substitute currency used only in the Theresienstadt Ghetto. All bills were issued January 1, 1945 and are signed by Jacob Edelstein, Der Alteste Der Juden. Each bill has a depition of Moses with the Ten Commandments on the head side.

Subject/Index Terms:: Judenraete (Jewish councils); Theresienstadt (Czechoslovakia); Theresienstadt ghetto; Theresienstadt ghetto monetary receipts

Creators:: Jewish Councils (Judenrate) (1939 -- 1945); Jewish ghetto administration, Theresienstadt (1940 -- 1945)

Document/Artifact of Item-Level 14: RG-06.01.13, Theresienstadt Ghetto Paper Currency, 1943

One five Kronen bill and one ten Kronen bill issued January 1, 1943 as part of a substitute currency used only in the Theresienstadt Ghetto. Both bills are signed by Jacob Edelstein, Der Alteste Der Juden. Both bills also have a depiction of Moses with the Ten Commandments on the head side.

Subject/Index Terms:: Judenraete (Jewish councils); Theresienstadt (Czechoslovakia); Theresienstadt ghetto; Theresienstadt ghetto monetary receipts

Creators:: Jewish Councils (Judenrate) (1939 -- 1945); Jewish ghetto administration, Theresienstadt (1940 -- 1945)

Document/Artifact of Item-Level 15: RG-06.01.14, Bills and coins, Lodz Ghetto, 1940--1943

A twenty Mark, two Mark, one Mark, fifty Pfennig, and four coins from the substitute currency created for the Lodz Ghetto. The bills were issued May 15, 1940 and signed by Mordechai Rumkowski, Der Alteste Der Juden in Litzmannstadt. The coins were issued in 1943.

Subject/Index Terms:: Judenraete (Jewish councils); Lodz ghetto; Lodz (Poland); Lodz ghetto monetary receipts; Paper money and coins, Lodz ghetto

Creators:: Jewish Councils (Judenrate) (1939 -- 1945); Jewish Council (Judenrat) of the Lodz ghetto (1940 -- 1944)

Document/Artifact of Item-Level 16: RG-06.01.15, Westerbork Camp coupons, 15 February 1944

Coupons for 50, 25, and 10 cents from Westerbork Camp's substitute currency issued February 15, 1944.

Subject/Index Terms:: Judenraete (Jewish councils); Westerbork (Transit camp); Westerbork transit camp, monetary coupons

Creators:: Jewish Councils (Judenrate) (1939 -- 1945); Westerbork Transit Camp Authorities

Document/Artifact of Item-Level 17: RG-06.01.16, Prisoner of war camp coupons, 1933--1945

These substitute coupons for 10 Reichsmark, 5 Reichsmark, 2 Reichsmark, 1 Reichsmark, 50 Reichspfennig, 10 Reichspfennig, and 1 Reichspfennig circulated as paper money in the German prisoner of war camps for soldiers and officers. On the front of the coupons there is a note and warrant for ussage and a red triangle printed in the background. They are signed by the Army official.

Subject/Index Terms:: Germany; prisoner of war camp coupons; Prisoners of War

Creators:: German Military Authority

Document/Artifact of Item-Level 18: RG-06.01.17, Auschwitz monetary signs, 1940--1945

These are monetary signs from Auschwitz Concentration Camp. One is worth one Reichsmark and the other is worth .50 Reichmark.

Subject/Index Terms:: Auschwitz (Concentration camp); Auschwitz camps, monetary coupons; Auschwitz (Concentration camp)--Complex of concentration and extermination camps

Creators:: Auschwitz-Birkenau German camp administration (circa 1942--1944)

Document/Artifact of Item-Level 19: RG-06.01.18, Flossenburg concentration camp monetary signs, 1939--1945

Monetary sign for one Reichmark from Flossenburg Concentration Camp.

Subject/Index Terms:: Flossenburg (Germany: Concentration Camp); Flossenburg, German Concentration camp; Flossenburg concentration camp, monetary coupons

Creators:: Flossenburg concentration camp German authority

Document/Artifact of Item-Level 20: RG-06.01.19, Lodz (Litzmannstadt) Ghetto currency, five mark coin, 1943, 1943

Currency created for the Lodz Ghetto, issued by the ghetto administrations instead of real currency for internal usage in ghetto, 1943.

Arrangement: Item level - coin

Extent: 1 coin

Language: 1 coin

Subject/Index Terms:: Lodz ghetto, 1940 -- 1944; Lodz Ghetto (Litzmannstadt Ghetto); Jewish Council (Judenrat) of the Lodz Ghetto; Judenrat (Jewish council), Lodz ghetto; Lodz ghetto; Ghetto currency Lodz (Litzmannstadt); Lodz Ghetto, currency, 1940 -- 1944

Creators:: Jewish Council (Judenrat) of the Lodz ghetto (1940 -- 1944); Jewish Councils (Judenrate) (1939 -- 1945)

Document/Artifact of Item-Level 21: RG-06.01.20, Lodz (Litzmannstadt) Ghetto currency, ten mark coin, 1943, 1943

Currency created for the Lodz Ghetto, issued by the ghetto administrations instead of real currency for internal usage in ghetto, 1943.

Arrangement: Item level - coin

Extent: 1 coin

Language: German

Subject/Index Terms:: Lodz ghetto; Lodz (Poland: Ghetto); Ghetto currency Lodz (Litzmannstadt); Lodz Ghetto, currency, 1940 -- 1944

Creators:: Jewish Council (Judenrat) of the Lodz ghetto (1940 -- 1944); Jewish Councils (Judenrate) (1939 -- 1945)

Document/Artifact of Item-Level 22: RG-06.01.21, Lodz (Litzmannstadt) Ghetto currency, twenty mark coin, 1943, 1943

Currency created for the Lodz Ghetto, issued by the ghetto administrations instead of real currency for internal usage in ghetto, 1943.

Arrangement: Item level - coin

Extent: 1 coin

Language: German

Subject/Index Terms:: Lodz ghetto; Lodz (Poland: Ghetto); Lodz Ghetto (Litzmannstadt Ghetto); Lodz Ghetto, currency, 1940 -- 1944; Ghetto and concentration camp currency, 1939 -- 1945

Creators:: Jewish Council (Judenrat) of the Lodz ghetto (1940 -- 1944); Jewish Councils (Judenrate) (1939 -- 1945)

Sub-Collection 2: RG-06.02, Numismatic Collection, 1919 -- 1945

This collections contains banknotes of various European countries

Subject/Index Terms:: Monetry receipts, France; Allied Authorities, monetary coupons; Ukrainian Central Bank in Rivne, under German authorities, currency; German Empire, currency, 1910; Weimar Republic, currency, 1920s; French oversee departments, Ageria, Algerian Francs; Belgian currency; Dutch currency; Currency of Denmark

Creators:: multiple donators (1968 -- 2006)

Document/Artifact of Item-Level 1: RG-06.02.01, Coupon for Ten Francs, 1944

A 1944 French coupon for ten Francs.

Subject/Index Terms:: French High Military Command; France (Europe); French monetary coupon; Reinstated French Authorities

Creators:: French authorities under German occupation (1940 --1944)

Document/Artifact of Item-Level 2: RG-.06.02.02, Coupons for 5 and 1 Mark, issued by Allied Military Authorities, 1944

1944 coupons for 5 and 1 Mark issued by Allied military authorities. They are official pay notes in occupied and controlled territories, as well as in Germany.

Subject/Index Terms:: Paper money and coins, Nazi-Germany; Allied Military and Civil administration in Germany; Allied Authorities, monetary coupons; German Occupied and Controlled Territories

Creators:: German Military Authority

Document/Artifact of Item-Level 3: RG-06.02.03, Five Karbovantsiv, issued by Ukrainian Central Bank in Rowno under German occupation, 5 March 1942

A five Karbowanez (or Karbovantsiv in Ukrainian) bill issued on March 5,1942 by the Central Emission Bank of Ukraine in Rowno under German occupation. This banknote has a portrait of a Ukrainian girl and a Nazi official seal.

Subject/Index Terms:: German-occupied Ukraine; Allied Authorities, monetary coupons; Ukraine (Europe)

Creators:: Central Emission Bank of Ukraine in Rowno under German Occupation

Document/Artifact of Item-Level 4: RG-06.02.04, Five Reichsmark, 1 August 1942

A five Reichsmark bill issued in Berlin August 1,1942.

Subject/Index Terms:: Paper money and coins, Nazi-Germany; Allied Authorities, monetary coupons; Berlin (Germany)

Creators:: German Military Authority

Document/Artifact of Item-Level 5: RG-06.02.05, One Reichsmark, January 1937

One Reichsmark bill issued in Berlin January 1937.

Subject/Index Terms:: Paper money and coins, Nazi-Germany; Allied Authorities, monetary coupons

Creators:: German Military Authority

Document/Artifact of Item-Level 6: RG-06.02.06, One Hundred Mark, issued in Berlin, 21 April 1910

A one hundred Mark bill issued in Berlin on April 21, 1910.

Subject/Index Terms:: Paper money and coins, Nazi-Germany; Berlin (Germany)

Creators:: German Government (1910)

Document/Artifact of Item-Level 7: RG-06.02.07, One Thousand Mark, issued in Berlin, 21 April 1910

A one thousand Mark issued in Berlin on April 21, 1910.

Subject/Index Terms:: Paper money and coins, Nazi-Germany; Berlin (Germany)

Creators:: German Government (1910)

Document/Artifact of Item-Level 8: RG-06.02.08, One Hundred Mark, issued in Berlin, 7 February 1908

A one hundred Mark issued in Berlin on February 7, 1908.

Subject/Index Terms:: Paper money and coins, Nazi-Germany; Berlin (Germany)

Creators:: Pre-war German Government

Document/Artifact of Item-Level 9: RG-06.02.09, Twenty Mark, issued in Berlin, 19 February 1914

A twenty Mark bill issued in Berlin on February 19, 1914.

Subject/Index Terms:: Paper money and coins, Nazi-Germany; Berlin (Germany)

Creators:: Pre-war German Government

Document/Artifact of Item-Level 10: RG-06.02.10, Fifty Reichsmark, Weimar Republic, 1919

A fifty Reichsmark bill issued in Berlin during the Weimar Republic in 1919.

Subject/Index Terms:: Weimar Republic, 1918 -- 193; Weimar Republic, currency, 1920s; Paper money and coins, Nazi-Germany; Berlin (Germany)

Creators:: Government of Weimar Republic (1918 -- 1933)

Document/Artifact of Item-Level 11: RG-06.02.11, Fifty Reichsmark, Weimar Republic, 30 March 1933

A fifty Reichsmark issued in Berlin during the Weimar Republic on March 30, 1933.

Subject/Index Terms:: Weimar Republic, 1918 -- 193; Weimar Republic, currency, 1920s; Paper money and coins, Nazi-Germany; Berlin (Germany)

Creators:: Government of Weimar Republic (1918 -- 1933)

Document/Artifact of Item-Level 12: RG-06.02.12, One Hundred Thousand Mark, Weimar Republic, 1 February 1923

A one hundred thousand Mark bill issued in Berlin during the Weimar Republic on February 1, 1923.

Subject/Index Terms:: Weimar Republic, 1918 -- 193; Weimar Republic, currency, 1920s; Paper money and coins, Nazi-Germany

Creators:: Government of Weimar Republic (1918 -- 1933)

Document/Artifact of Item-Level 13: RG-06.02.13, Twenty Million Mark, Weimar Republic, 25 July 1923

A twenty million mark bill issued in Berlin during the Weimar Republic on July 25, 1923.

Subject/Index Terms:: Weimar Republic, 1918 -- 193; Weimar Republic, currency, 1920s; Berlin (Germany); Paper money and coins, Nazi-Germany

Creators:: Government of Weimar Republic (1918 -- 1933)

Document/Artifact of Item-Level 14: RG-06.02.14, One Hundred Million Mark, Weimar Republic, 22 August 1923

A one hundred million Mark bill issued in Berlin during the Weimar republic on August 22, 1923.

Subject/Index Terms:: Weimar Republic, 1918 -- 193; Weimar Republic, currency, 1920s; Paper money and coins, Nazi-Germany; Berlin (Germany)

Creators:: Government of Weimar Republic (1918 -- 1933)

Document/Artifact of Item-Level 15: RG-06.02.15, One Krone, Austria, with antisemitic inscription on the back side, 2 January 1922

A one Krone issued in Austria on January 2, 1922. A one-sided banknote with an unofficial, privately made anti-Semitic inscription on the back side. The inscription translates: "The Jewish Bank has the Gold, the dreck stays in your hands."

Subject/Index Terms:: Austria (Europe); Antisemitism; Anti-Semitism in Austria; Paper money and coins, Austria

Creators:: Pre-war Austrian Government

Document/Artifact of Item-Level 16: RG-06.02.16, Twenty Belgian Francs, 1919

A twenty Belgian Francs bill issued in 1919. The head side is in French and the tail side is in Flemish.

Subject/Index Terms:: Belgian currency; Belgian National Bank; Belgium (Europe)

Creators:: Belgian National Bank

Document/Artifact of Item-Level 17: RG-06.02.17, Ten Belgian Francs, 1 February 1943

A Belgian ten Francs bill issued on February 1, 1943. The head side is in French and the tail side is in Flemish.

Subject/Index Terms:: Belgian currency; Belgian National Bank; Belgium (Europe)

Creators:: Belgian National Bank

Document/Artifact of Item-Level 18: RG-06.02.18, Five Belgian Francs, 1 February 1943

A Belgian five Francs bill issued on February 1, 1943. The head side is in French and the tail side is in Flemish.

Subject/Index Terms:: Belgian currency; Belgian National Bank; Belgium (Europe)

Creators:: Belgian National Bank

Document/Artifact of Item-Level 19: RG-06.02.19, One Gulden, the Netherlands, 4 February 1943

A one Gulden issued in the Netherlands on February 4, 1943. There is a picture of the Queen of the Netherlands on the head side. The tail side has the Royal Coat of Arms.

Subject/Index Terms:: The Netherlands (Europe); currency, the Netherlands

Creators:: National Bank of the Netherlands

Document/Artifact of Item-Level 20: RG-06.02.20, Five Kroner, Denmark, 1942

A five Kroner bill issued in Denmark 1942. The front of the bill has a Danish shore landscape with a sign reading Denmark. The tail side has had the Royal Coat of Arms.

Subject/Index Terms:: Currency of Denmark; Denmark (Europe)

Creators:: National Bank of Denmark

Document/Artifact of Item-Level 21: RG-06.02.21, Ten Kroner, Denmark, 1942

A ten Kroner bill issued in Denmark 1942. The tail side of the bill has three crowned royal lions and a profile view of an ancients mythological figure.

Subject/Index Terms:: Currency of Denmark; Denmark (Europe)

Creators:: National Bank of Denmark

Document/Artifact of Item-Level 22: RG-06.02.22, Fifty Algerian Francs, Algeria, 12 March 1928

A fifty Franc bill issued in Algeria on March 12,1928. This banknote is damaged and is missing a left end. The banknote is in French with inscriptions in Arabic.

Subject/Index Terms:: Algeria; currency of Algeria

Creators:: National Bank of Algeria

Document/Artifact of Item-Level 23: RG-06.02.23, Five Algerian Francs, Algeria, 1933

A five Franc bill issued in Algeria 1933. There is an inscription of the word Tunisie made vertically on the right edge of the bill. The note is in French with some Arabic inscriptions.

Subject/Index Terms:: Algeria; currency of Algeria

Creators:: National Bank of Algeria

Document/Artifact of Item-Level 24: RG-06.02.24, Five Algerian Francs, Algeria, 1942

A five Algerian Francs banknote issued in 1942. The banknote is in French with some Arabic inscriptions.

Subject/Index Terms:: Algeria; currency of Algeria

Creators:: National Bank of Algeria

Sub-Collection 3: RG-06.03, Correspondences of inmate like status, 1941--1945

This collection contains correspondence from and to ghettos and camps located in Poland, Germany, and Italy.

Subject/Index Terms:: prisoner correspondence, 1933 -- 1945; correspondence to and from concentration camps; Correspondence between occupied and unoccupied territories

Creators:: Jonski, Jozef (1912-); Lipszyc, Anna (1918-); Kasimir, Fidor

Document/Artifact of Item-Level 1: RG-06.03.01, Postcard from Krakow to camp Ferramonti, Italy, 20 December 1941

A postcard sent from the Kracow Ghetto to camp Ferramonto, Italy in December 1941.

Subject/Index Terms:: Cracow (Poland); Cracow (Poland: Ghetto); prisoner correspondence, 1933 -- 1945; Personal correspondence; postcards; Camp Ferramonti, Italy

Creators:: Jewish Council (Judenrat) of the Cracow Ghetto (1940 --1941)

Document/Artifact of Item-Level 2: RG-06.03.02, Letter from Kasimir Fidor in Oranienburg concentration camp to Stanislawa Fidor in Lublin, 17 August 1941

A letter from Kasimir Fidor in Oranienburg Concentration Camp to Stanislawa Fidor in Lublin written August 17, 1941. The letter is in German.

Subject/Index Terms:: Fidor, Kasimir; Fidor, Stanislawa; Oranienburg-Sachsenhausen, German Concentration Camp; Lublin (Poland); prisoner correspondence, 1933 -- 1945; Personal correspondence

Creators:: Kasimir, Fidor

Document/Artifact of Item-Level 3: RG-06.03.03, Letter from Jozef Jonski in Dachau to Aunt, First letter, Camp life, 18 June 1944

The first letter written by Jozef Jonski from Dachau Concentration Camp to his Aunt, Bronislawa Nowak, in Lodz on June 18, 1944. The letter is written in German and speaks about insignificant details about camp life. Jonski is mostly grateful to Nowak for her letters and news.

Subject/Index Terms:: Jonski, Jozef; Dachau (Germany: Concentration Camp); prisoner correspondence, 1933 -- 1945; Personal correspondence; day-to-day life in Nazi concentration camps

Creators:: Jonski, Jozef (1912-)

Document/Artifact of Item-Level 4: RG-06.03.04, Letter from Jozef Jonski in Dachau to Aunto, Thank you, 16 July 1944

The second letter from Jozef Jonski from Dachau Concentration Camp to his aunt, Bronislawa Nowak, in Lodz dated July 16, 1944. The letter is in German. Jonski thanks his aunt profusely for her correspondence and speaks about a woman whom he has lost and greatly misses.

Subject/Index Terms:: Jonski, Jozef; Dachau (Germany: Concentration Camp); prisoner correspondence, 1933 -- 1945; Personal correspondence

Creators:: Jonski, Jozef (1912-)

Document/Artifact of Item-Level 5: RG-06.03.05, Letter from Jozef Jonski in Dachau to Aunt, Well wishes, 3 September 1944

Jozef Jonski's third letter from Dachau Concentration Camp to his aunt, Bronislawa Nowak, in Lodz dated September 3, 1944. The letter is written in German and mostly emphasizes that he wishes to keep hearing from his aunt and some other family members. He asks that his aunt be more careful when sending him food packages as the last one was bad when it arrived and to please not write about a woman, Regina, whom he has lost.

Subject/Index Terms:: Jonski, Jozef; Dachau (Germany: Concentration Camp); prisoner correspondence, 1933 -- 1945; Personal correspondence

Creators:: Jonski, Jozef (1912-)

Document/Artifact of Item-Level 6: RG-06.03.06, from Jozef Jonski in Dachau to Aunt, Questions, 1 October 1944

Jozef Jonski's fourth letter from Dachau Concentration Camp to his aunt, Bronislawa Nowak, in Lodz dated October 1, 1944. The letter is in German and asks several questions, especially regarding his daughter, Wiesia. He thanks his family profusely for writing him and wishes them well.

Subject/Index Terms:: Jonski, Jozef; Dachau (Germany: Concentration Camp); prisoner correspondence, 1933 -- 1945; Personal correspondence

Creators:: Jonski, Jozef (1912-)

Document/Artifact of Item-Level 7: RG-06.03.07, from Jozef Jonski, Post-liberation, 2 May 1945

Jozef Jonski's fifth letter written after the liberation of Dachau Concentration Camp dated May 2, 1945. The letter is in Polish and it is addressed to his aunt, but it is otherwise unclear who the letter is for and where it was sent. Jonski is excited to write his aunt in Polish for the first time and briefly describes the conditions and liberation of Dachau Concentration Camp. He explains that his situation is very chaotic at the moment and that he is still in Dachau and won't be able to come home for at least two or three months.

Subject/Index Terms:: Jonski, Jozef; Personal correspondence; Jewish Liberation; Liberation from German concentration camps; Post-Liberation

Creators:: Jonski, Jozef (1912-)

Document/Artifact of Item-Level 8: RG-06.03.08, Anna Lipszyc, Letter from Jurek (Georg Gutkind) in Polish, 29 June 1943

A letter from Jurek (Georg Gutkind) to Anna Lipszyc dated June 29, 1943. The letter is in Polish.

Subject/Index Terms:: Gutkind, Georg; Lipszyc, Anna; Gutkind, Jurek; Lublin (Poland); Lublin Castle Prison; Personal correspondence; prisoner correspondence, 1933 -- 1945

Creators:: Lipszyc, Anna (1918-); Gutkind, Jurek

Document/Artifact of Item-Level 9: RG-06.03.09, Anna Lipszyc, Letter from Jurek (Georg Gutkind) in German, from Lublin prison, 15 November 1943

A letter from Jurek (Georg Gutkind) from Lublin prison to Anna Lipszyc dated November 15, 1943. The letter is in German.

Subject/Index Terms:: Lipszyc, Anna; Gutkind, Georg; Gutkind, Jurek; Lublin (Poland); Lublin Castle Prison; Personal correspondence; prisoner correspondence, 1933 -- 1945

Creators:: Lipszyc, Anna (1918-); Gutkind, Jurek

Document/Artifact of Item-Level 10: RG-06.03.11, Letter from Westerbork Camp to Amsterdam, 31 December 1943

A letter from Meyer Salomon Susan in Westerbork Camp to Mr. M. Polak in Amsterdam dated December 31, 1943. The letter is in Dutch.

Subject/Index Terms:: Meyer Saloman Susan; Westerbork (Transit camp); Amsterdam (Netherlands); Personal correspondence; prisoner correspondence

Creators:: Meyer Salomon Susan

Document/Artifact of Item-Level 11: RG-06.03.12, Postcard from Warsaw to New York, 18 June 1941

A postcard from F. Friedland in the Warsaw Ghetto to L. Wulman, a medical doctor, in New York dated June 18, 1941. There is a Judenrat stamp on the postcard. It is a request on the part of Friedland to reconnect with his brother's wife and female cousins in New York. Friedland writes that without food parcels from the American relatives they will hardly be able to survive in Warsaw. The postcard is in Polish.

Subject/Index Terms:: F. Friedland; L. Wulman; Judenraete (Jewish councils); postcards; food parcels; Warsaw (Poland); Warsaw ghetto

Creators:: F. Friedland

Document/Artifact of Item-Level 12: RG-06.03.13, Postcard from Bochnia to interment camp Ferramonto di Tarcia, Italy, 2 May 1942

Postcard from Bochnia, Poland to the interment camp Ferramonti di Tarcia in Italy dated May 2, 1942. The postcard is in German and is addressed to the writer's children. The postcard lets the children know that the writer is healthy and has recieved their packages and letters and encourages them to write more.

Subject/Index Terms:: Bochnia (Poland); postcards; Camp Ferramonti, Italy; Personal correspondence; prisoner correspondence

Document/Artifact of Item-Level 13: RG-06.03.14, Postcard from the Camp De Les Milles, France, 1941

Postcard from Martin Kahn at the Camp De Les Milles, France to the Committee for Assistance to Jewish Population in Geneva from 1941. The postcard is in German.

Subject/Index Terms:: Camp De Les Milles, France; postcards; Committee for Assistance to Jewish Population; Geneva (Switzerland); Marseilles (France)

Creators:: Kahn, Martin

Document/Artifact of Item-Level 14: RG-06.04.10, Anna Lipszyc, Letter from Jurek (Georg Gutkind) in German from Buchenwald Concentration Camp, 12 June 1944

A letter from Jurek (Georg Gutkind) from Buchenwald Concentration Camp to Anna Lipszyc dated June 12 1944. The letter is in German.

Subject/Index Terms:: Lipszyc, Anna; Gutkind, Georg; Gutkind, Jurek; Personal correspondence; Buchenwald, German-Nazi concentration camp; prisoner correspondence

Creators:: Lipszyc, Anna (1918-); Gutkind, Jurek

Sub-Collection 4: RG-06.04, Eva Beckman Collection, 1942--1945

This collection contains banknotes and receipts from ghettos.

Subject/Index Terms:: Theresienstadt ghetto monetary receipts; Theresienstadt ghetto, postal stamps; Jewish yellow stars of David, Jewish badges and patches

Creators:: Beckman, Eva

Document/Artifact of Item-Level 1: RG-06.04.01, Eva Beckman, Yellow Star of David, 1933--1945

A yellow star of David with the word "Jude." The star is cut out of yellow fabric and was worn by Jews as a means to identify them during the Third Reich.

Subject/Index Terms:: Beckman, Eva; Jewish yellow stars of David, Jewish badges and patches; Yellow Stars; family artifacts

Creators:: Beckman, Eva

Document/Artifact of Item-Level 2: RG-06.04.02, Eva Beckman Yellow Star of David, not cut out, 1933--1945

A yellow star of David with the word "Jude." The star is outlined on yellow fabric, but not cut out of the fabric. This star was worn by Jews as a means to identify them during the Third Reich.

Subject/Index Terms:: Beckman, Eva; Jewish yellow stars of David, Jewish badges and patches; Yellow Stars; family artifacts

Creators:: Beckman, Eva

Document/Artifact of Item-Level 3: RG-06.04.03, Eva Beckman, a Theresienstadt-stamp, 1933--1945

A substitute stamp made for the Theresienstadt Ghetto. The stamp has a picture of a pastoral landscape with trees, hills, and billowing clouds.

Subject/Index Terms:: Beckman, Eva; Theresienstadt (Czechoslovakia); Theresienstadt ghetto; Theresienstadt ghetto, postal stamps

Creators:: Beckman, Eva

Document/Artifact of Item-Level 4: RG-06.04.04, Eva Beckman, Theresienstadt, Eine Krone (One Krone), ghetto receipts, 1943

One Krone bill from 1943. It is part of a substitute currency made for, and only valid in, the Theresienstadt Ghetto. The front of the bill has a depiction on Moses with the Ten Commandments.

Subject/Index Terms:: Beckman, Eva; Theresienstadt (Czechoslovakia); Theresienstadt ghetto; Theresienstadt ghetto monetary receipts

Creators:: Jewish ghetto administration, Theresienstadt (1940 -- 1945); Beckman, Eva

Document/Artifact of Item-Level 5: RG-06.04.05, Eva Beckman, four Theresienstadt postal stamps, 1933--1945

Four stamps made for the Theresienstadt Ghetto as part of a substitute currency used only in the Theresienstadt Ghetto. The stamps have a picture of a pastoral landscape with trees, hills, and billowing clouds.

Subject/Index Terms:: Beckman, Eva; Theresienstadt (Czechoslovakia); Theresienstadt ghetto; Theresienstadt ghetto, postal stamps

Creators:: Beckman, Eva

Document/Artifact of Item-Level 6: RG-06.04.06, Eva Beckman, Theresienstadt, (Funf Kronen). ghetto receipts, 1943

A five Kronen bill, part of a substitute currency developed for the theresienstadt Ghetto and valid only in the Theresienstadt Ghetto. The front of the bill has a depiction of Moses and the Ten Commandments.

Subject/Index Terms:: Beckman, Eva; Theresienstadt (Czechoslovakia); Theresienstadt ghetto; Theresienstadt ghetto monetary receipts

Creators:: Jewish ghetto administration, Theresienstadt (1940 -- 1945); Beckman, Eva

Document/Artifact of Item-Level 7: RG-06.04.07, Eva Beckman, Theresienstadt, Funf Kronen (Five Kronen). ghetto receipts, 1943

A five Kronen bill issued January 1,1943 as part of a substitute currency made for, and only valid in, the Theresienstadt ghetto.

Subject/Index Terms:: Beckman, Eva; Theresienstadt (Czechoslovakia); Theresienstadt ghetto; Theresienstadt ghetto monetary receipts

Creators:: Jewish ghetto administration, Theresienstadt (1940 -- 1945); Beckman, Eva

Document/Artifact of Item-Level 8: RG-06.04.08, Eva Beckman, Theresienstadt, Hundret Kronen (One hundred Kronen), ghetto receipts, 1943

A one hundred Kronen bill from January 1, 1943, part of a substitute currency made for, and only valid in, the Theresienstadt Ghetto. The front of the bill has a depiction of Moses with the Ten Commandments.

Subject/Index Terms:: Beckman, Eva; Theresienstadt (Czechoslovakia); Theresienstadt ghetto; Theresienstadt ghetto monetary receipts

Creators:: Jewish ghetto administration, Theresienstadt (1940 -- 1945); Beckman, Eva

Document/Artifact of Item-Level 9: RG-06.04.09, Eva Beckman, Theresienstadt, Zehn Kronen (Ten Kronen), ghetto receipts, 1943

A ten Kronen bill, part of a substitute currency made for, and only valid in, the Theresienstadt Ghetto. The front of the bill has a depiction of Moses with the Ten Commandments.

Subject/Index Terms:: Beckman, Eva; Theresienstadt (Czechoslovakia); Theresienstadt ghetto; Theresienstadt ghetto monetary receipts

Creators:: Jewish ghetto administration, Theresienstadt (1940 -- 1945); Beckman, Eva

Document/Artifact of Item-Level 10: RG-06.04.09.01, Eva Beckman, Theresienstadt, Zehn Kronen (Ten Kronen) rear side, ghetto receipts, 1943

A ten Kronen bill issued January 1, 1943 as part of a substitute currency made for, and used only in, the Theresienstadt ghetto.

Subject/Index Terms:: Beckman, Eva; Theresienstadt (Czechoslovakia); Theresienstadt ghetto; Theresienstadt ghetto monetary receipts

Creators:: Jewish ghetto administration, Theresienstadt (1940 -- 1945); Beckman, Eva

Document/Artifact of Item-Level 11: RG-06.04.10, Eva Beckman, Theresienstadt, Theresienstadt, Zwanzig Kronen (twenty Kronen), ghetto receipts, 1943

A twenty Kronen bill issued January 1, 1943 as part of a substitute currency made for, and valid only in, the Theresienstadt Ghetto. The front side of the bill has a depiction of Moses with the Ten Commandments.

Subject/Index Terms:: Beckman, Eva; Theresienstadt (Czechoslovakia); Theresienstadt ghetto; Theresienstadt ghetto monetary receipts

Creators:: Jewish ghetto administration, Theresienstadt (1940 -- 1945); Beckman, Eva

Document/Artifact of Item-Level 12: RG-06.04.11, Eva Beckman, Theresienstadt Zwei Kronen (Two Kronen), ghetto receipts, 1943

A two Kronen bill, part of a substitute currency made for, and only valid in, the Theresienstadt Ghetto.

Subject/Index Terms:: Beckman, Eva; Theresienstadt (Czechoslovakia); Theresienstadt ghetto; Theresienstadt ghetto monetary receipts

Creators:: Jewish ghetto administration, Theresienstadt (1940 -- 1945); Beckman, Eva

Sub-Collection 5: RG-06.05, Emigration Bonds, Nazi Germany, 1933

This collection contains bonds for Reichsmarks.

RG-06.05.01: Bond for Five Reichsmark, Series D Nr. 2793069

Front view of the note:

Bond of the Conversion Office for German Foreign Debts in Berlin (Konversionskasse fuer deutsche Auslandsschulden zu Berlin), issued on the basis of § 4 of its bylaws.

Five Reichsmark is owed by Conversion Office for German Foreign Debts to the bearer of this bond. The redemption will be made according to § 4 of the bylaws of the Conversion Office

Berlin, August 28, 1933

Conversion Office for German Foreign Debts

[Signature]

Back view of the note:

The Conversion Office for German Foreign Debts was founded by § 2 of the “Law about payment indebtedness towards foreign countries” (Gesetz über Zahlungsverbindlichkeiten gegenüber dem Ausland) of June 9, 1933.

§ 4 of its bylaws reads as followed:

“The Conversion Office may issue interest-free bonds in the amount deposits. The Reichsbank establishes the regulations about the redemption of the bonds.”

Series D Nr. 2793069

RG-06.05.02: Bond for Ten Reichsmark, Series B Nr. 075047

Front view of the note:

Bond of the Conversion Office for German Foreign Debts in Berlin (Konversionskasse fuer deutsche Auslandsschulden zu Berlin), issued on the basis of § 4 of its bylaws.

Ten Reichsmark is owed by Conversion Office for German Foreign Debts to the bearer of this bond. The redemption will be made according to § 4 of the bylaws of the Conversion Office.

Berlin, August 28, 1933

Conversion Office for German Foreign Debts

[Signature]

Back view of the note:

§ 4 of its bylaws reads as followed:

“The Conversion Office may issue interest-free bonds in the amount deposits. The Reichsbank establishes the regulations about the redemption of the bonds.”

Series B Nr. 075047

RG-06.05.03: Bond for Fifty Reichsmark, Series A. Two notes: Nr. 0223380, Nr.0602700

Front view of the note:

Bond of the Conversion Office for German Foreign Debts in Berlin (Konversionskasse fuer deutsche Auslandsschulden zu Berlin), issued on the basis of § 4 of its bylaws

Fifty Reichsmark is owed by Conversion Office for German Foreign Debts to the bearer of this bond. The redemption will be made according to § 4 of the bylaws of the Conversion Office.

Berlin, August 28, 1933

Conversion Office for German Foreign Debts

[Signature]

Back view of the note:

§ 4 of its bylaws reads as followed:

“The Conversion Office may issue interest-free bonds in the amount deposits. The Reichsbank establishes the regulations about the redemption of the bonds.”

Series A Nr. 0223380/ Nr.0602700

Subject/Index Terms:: Conversion office for German foreign debt

Creators:: Medley, Jane (1933 -- 1939)

Document/Artifact of Item-Level 1: RG-06.05.01, Bond for Five Reichsmark, 1933

A bond for five Reichsmark issued in Berlin on August 28, 1933. It is a bond of the Conversion Office for German Foreign Debts in Berlin issued on the basis of § 4 of its bylaws.

Subject/Index Terms:: Conversion office for German foreign debt; Berlin (Germany); Emigration documents; Paper money and coins, Nazi-Germany

Creators:: Conversion Office for German Foreign Debts

Document/Artifact of Item-Level 2: RG-06.05.02, Bond for Five Reichsmark, 1933

A bond for five Reichsmark issued in Berlin on August 28, 1933. It is a bond of the Conversion Office for German Foreign Debts in Berlin issued on the basis of § 4 of its bylaws.

Subject/Index Terms:: Conversion office for German foreign debt; Berlin (Germany); Emigration documents; Paper money and coins, Nazi-Germany

Creators:: Conversion Office for German Foreign Debts

Document/Artifact of Item-Level 3: RG-06.05.03, Bond for Ten Reichsmark, 1933

A bond for ten Reichsmark issued in Berlin on August 28, 1933. It is a bond of the Conversion Office for German Foreign Debts in Berlin issued on the basis of § 4 of its bylaws.

Subject/Index Terms:: Conversion office for German foreign debt; Berlin (Germany); Emigration documents; Paper money and coins, Nazi-Germany

Creators:: Conversion Office for German Foreign Debts

Document/Artifact of Item-Level 4: RG-06.05.04, Bond for Fifty Reichsmark, Nr.022338, 1933

Subject/Index Terms:: Conversion office for German foreign debt; Berlin (Germany); Emigration documents; Paper money and coins, Nazi-Germany

Creators:: Conversion Office for German Foreign Debts

Document/Artifact of Item-Level 5: RG-06.05.05, Bond for Fifty Reichsmark, Nr.0602700, 1933

A bond for fifty Reichsmark issued in Berlin on August 28, 1933. It is a bond of the Conversion Office for German Foreign Debts in Berlin issued on the basis of § 4 of its bylaws.

Subject/Index Terms:: Conversion office for German foreign debt; Berlin (Germany); Emigration documents; Paper money and coins, Nazi-Germany

Creators:: Conversion Office for German Foreign Debts

Sub-Collection 6: RG-06.06, Nazi counterfeited British bank notes, 1942 -- 1945

This collection includes Nazi counterfeited banknotes in the amounts of 50 and 20 pounds.

Subject/Index Terms:: Counterfeited currency, British and American; Economic and financial warfare; German intelligence office

Creators:: German intelligence office (1942 -- 1945)

Document/Artifact of Item-Level 1: RG-06.06.01, Nazi counterfeited Bank of England cashier's check in the amount of 50 pounds sterling, 20 June 1930

Nazi counterfeited Bank of England cashier's check in the amount of 50 pounds sterling. The check is dated June 20, 1930, London.

Subject/Index Terms:: Nazi Germany, Central Government; Bank of England; Counterfeited currency, British and American; cashier's check

Creators:: Government of Nazi Germany (1933--1945)

Document/Artifact of Item-Level 2: RG-06.06.02, Nazi counterfeited Bank of England cashier's check in the amount of 20 pounds sterling, 20 November 1930

Nazi counterfeited Bank of England cashier's check in the amount of 20 pounds. The check is dated November 20, 1930, London.

Subject/Index Terms:: Nazi Germany, Central Government; Bank of England; Counterfeited currency, British and American; cashier's check

Creators:: Government of Nazi Germany (1933--1945)

Document/Artifact of Item-Level 3: RG-06.06.03, Nazi counterfeited Bank of England cashier's check in the amount of 20 pounds sterling, 15 December 1931

Nazi counterfeited Bank of England cashier's check in the amount of 20 pounds sterling. The check is dated December 15, 1931, London.

Subject/Index Terms:: Nazi Germany, Central Government; Bank of England; Counterfeited currency, British and American; cashier's check

Creators:: Government of Nazi Germany (1933--1945)

Sub-Collection 7: RG-06.07, Sonderkommando tags, 1942--1945

This collection includes two Sonderkommando tags from Auschwitz concentration camp.

Subject/Index Terms:: Prisoner tags; Sonderkommando in concentration camps

Creators:: Commandant office, Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp (1942 -- 1945)

Document/Artifact of Item-Level 1: RG-06.07.01, Sonderkommando tag, Auschwitz, 1940--1945

Two Sonderkommando tags from Auschwitz Concentration Camp. Sonderkommandos were concentration camp prisoners that had been assigned to staff the gas chambers.

Subject/Index Terms:: Sonderkommando in concentration camps; Auschwitz (Concentration camp); Forced labor in concentration camps

Creators:: Auschwitz-Birkenau German camp administration (circa 1942--1944); Prisoners of Auschwitz concentration camp (1940 -- 1945)

Sub-Collection 8: RG-06.08, The Last Letter of Veronika (Vera) Komlos (nee Somogyi)

This sub-collection contains documents, photographs and testimony related to Veronika (Vera) Komlos (née Somogyi). Veronika (Vera) was among a group of Hungarian-Jewish women forced to endure a 100-mile-plus foot march from Budapest to Austria near the end of the war to serve as Adolf Eichmann’s “defense line Jews.” Their last stop in Hungarian territory was at the border village of Hegyeshalom. It appears that the International Red Cross (IRC) played a role in giving these women a chance to send postcards to their families. Veronika’s postcard was addressed to her father, Jozsef Somogyi, on November 23, 1944 and postmarked November 27. She was never heard from again.

The subcollection contains the postcard, which became her last will and testament, as well as photographs of Vera and the Somogyi siblings, and the testimony of her daughter Gabriella Komlos Rosenfeld, from the book titled Counting My Blessings.

Arrangement: The arrangement scheme for the record group was imposed during processing in the absence of an original order. Materials are arranged by creator/subject, then by identifier, as assigned by the processor.

Extent: The Record Group is comprised of 2 documents and 2 photographs

Language: Hungarian, English

Subject/Index Terms:: Correspondence from deportation (forced march) from Budapest, 1944; Veronika (Vera) Komlos (née Somogyi), Hungarian-Jewish female deported from Budapest in Nov 1944; Deportations from Budapest to the Austrian border, Hungarian-Jewish women; Correspondences from deportation routes, wartime; Correspondences from deportation routes, Hungary 1944; Correspondence from Veronika (Vera) Komlos (née Somogyi), 1944; Postcard sent from a deportation route, Veronika (Vera) Komlos (née Somogyi), November 1944; Forced marches in Hungary, Hungarian-Jewish women, 1944; Forced marches in Hungary, Hungarian-Jewish women, Veronika (Vera) Komlos (née Somogyi), Nov 1944; Joszef (Jozsef) Somogyi, father of Veronika (Vera) Komlos (née Somogyi), Budapest; The Holocaust in Hungary, 1940 --1945; Holocaust in Hungary, deportation of 1944; Holocaust in Hungary, deportations from Budapest, 1944, Veronika (Vera) Komlos (née Somogyi); Narratives in Hungarian language; Documents in Hungarian language; Memorialization of loved ones, perished in the Holocaust; Memorialization of loved ones who perished in the Holocaust, Veronika (Vera) Komlos (née Somogyi)

Creators:: Veronika (Vera) Komlos (née Somogyi), (1901-1944), Jewish female, a resident of Budapest (-- 1944)

Document/Artifact of Item-Level 1: RG-06.08.01, The Last Letter of Veronika (Vera) Komlos (nee Somogyi), November 23, 1944, 1944

This is the final correspondence of Veronika (Vera) Komlos (née Somogyi), written during a 100-mile-plus foot march of Jewish Hungarian women deported from Budapest and sent to forced labor in Austria near the end of the war. Their last stop in Hungarian territory was at the border village of Hegyeshalom. It appears that the International Red Cross (IRC) played a role in giving these women the chance to send postcards to their families. Veronika’s postcard is dated November 23, 1944 and postmarked November 27. It is addressed to her father, Jozsef Somogyi, who survived the war.

Translation of the letter:

My dear parents!

I am writing from the Hegyeshalom on the Austrian border. Tomorrow we are crossing the border. I have lost track of Gyula. Do not cry dear Mother, take care of yourself, if l return I want to see you. I think that Jozsa, Agnes and Sandor also were taken. How is my Gabika? Where is she, if I could only know. If only Gyula could get back, to be near her and you. I do not think I will come back. My dear Parents, take care of yourselves, do not cry, you are only hurting yourselves. Take care of my baby, may God have mercy on us all. I kiss your blessed hands. Please place my Gabika with the Red Cross.

Yours Vera

November 23, 1944.

Subject/Index Terms:: Holocaust in Hungary, deportations from Budapest, 1944, Veronika (Vera) Komlos (née Somogyi); Memorialization of loved ones who perished in the Holocaust, Veronika (Vera) Komlos (née Somogyi); Postcard sent from a deportation route, Veronika (Vera) Komlos (née Somogyi), November 1944; Forced marches in Hungary, Hungarian-Jewish women, Veronika (Vera) Komlos (née Somogyi), Nov 1944; Veronika (Vera) Komlos (née Somogyi), Hungarian-Jewish female deported from Budapest in Nov 1944; Correspondence from Veronika (Vera) Komlos (née Somogyi), 1944

Creators:: Veronika (Vera) Komlos (née Somogyi), (1901-1944), Jewish female, a resident of Budapest (-- 1944)

Document/Artifact of Item-Level 2: RG-06.08.02, Portrait of Veronika (Vera) Komlos (nee Somogyi) as a young girl

Portrait of Veronika (Vera) Komlos (nee Somogyi) as a young girl

Extent: 1 photograph

Subject/Index Terms:: Veronika (Vera) Komlos (née Somogyi), Hungarian-Jewish female deported from Budapest in Nov 1944

Document/Artifact of Item-Level 3: RG-06.08.03, Photograph of the Somogyi Siblings, Josza, Ilona, Agnes and Vera, 1923, 1923

Photograph of the Somogyi Siblings, from left to right - Josza, Ilona, Agnes and Vera, taken in 1923

Subject/Index Terms:: Veronika (Vera) Komlos (née Somogyi), Hungarian-Jewish female deported from Budapest in Nov 1944

Document/Artifact of Item-Level 4: RG-06.08.04, Counting My Blessings, book excerpt by Gabriella Komlos Rosenfeld, Vera's daughter

Book excerpts - Chapters 1 and 2, documenting the testimony of Erna Gabriella Komlos Rosenfeld, Vera's only child. The excerpts make reference to the postcard sent by Vera.

Subject/Index Terms:: Memorialization of loved ones who perished in the Holocaust, Veronika (Vera) Komlos (née Somogyi); Gabika (Gabriella) Rosenfeld (née Komlos), daughter of Veronika (Vera) Komlos (née Somogyi); Veronika (Vera) Komlos (née Somogyi), Hungarian-Jewish female deported from Budapest in Nov 1944

Creators:: Erna Gabriella Komlos Rosenfeld